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Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (; 1778–1842) was a Chilean independence leader who, together with José de San Martín, freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. Although he was the second Supreme Director of Chile (1817–1823), he is considered one of Chile's founding fathers, as he was the first holder of this title to head a fully independent Chilean state. O'Higgins was of Spanish and Irish〔 Julia Ortiz Griffin and William D. Griffin, ''Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present'', p. 288〕 ancestry. ==Early life== Bernardo O'Higgins, a member of the O'Higgins Family, was born in the Chilean city of Chillán in 1778, the illegitimate son of Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquis of Osorno,〔"O'Higgins, Bernardo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Oct 2008 O'Higgins spent his early years with his mother's family in central-southern Chile, and later he lived with the Albano family, who were his father's commercial partners, in Talca. At age 15, O'Higgins was sent to Lima by his father. He had a distant relationship with Ambrosio, who supported him financially and was concerned with his education, but the two never met in person. At the time of his son's birth, Ambrosio was only a junior military officer. Two years later, Isabel married Don Félix Rodríguez, a friend of her father.〔 O'Higgins used his mother's surname until the death of his father in 1801.〔 Bernardo's father continued his professional rise and became Viceroy of Peru; at seventeen Bernardo O'Higgins was sent to London to complete his studies. There, studying history and the arts, O'Higgins became acquainted with American ideas of independence and developed a sense of nationalist pride.〔 He met Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan idealist and believer in independence,〔Vicuña Mackenna, pp. 46-53.〕 and joined a Masonic Lodge established by Miranda, dedicated to achieving the independence of Latin America.〔 In 1798 O'Higgins went to Spain from the United Kingdom, his return to the Americas delayed by the French Revolutionary Wars. His father died in 1801, leaving O'Higgins a large piece of land, the ''Hacienda Las Canteras'', near the Chilean city of Los Ángeles. O'Higgins returned to Chile in 1802, adopted his biological father's surname, and began life as a gentleman farmer.〔Hamre, Bonnie. ("Bernardo O'Higgins" (2008) at About.com ); accessed 20 October 2008.〕 In 1806, he was appointed to the ''cabildo'' as the representative of Laja.〔 In 1808 Napoleon took control of Spain, triggering a sequence of events in South America. In Chile, the commercial and political elite decided to form an autonomous government to rule in the name of the imprisoned king Ferdinand VII; this was to be one of the first in a number of steps toward national independence, in which O'Higgins would play a leading role.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bernardo O'Higgins」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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